Resumo Este estudo investigou a importância de parcerias com o Governo para o desenvolvimento dos quatro tipos de inovação (produto, processo, organizacional e marketing) por empresas de dois grupos diferentes de países da Europa Central e Oriental, incluindo as ex-repúblicas soviéticas europeias (países membros da União Europeia - MUE, e países não membros da União Europeia- NMUE); e como cada tipo de inovação afeta o desempenho financeiro das empresas. Para atingir esse objetivo, uma amostra de 1.143 PMEs de manufatura do Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) foi testada, usando regressão múltipla e logit. Baseado na teoria da capacidade absortiva, descobriu-se que as PMEs de manufatura da UE têm uma capacidade absortiva mais alta e obtêm vantagem dos programas de promoção de inovação da UE para inovar. Por outro lado, empresas NMUE percebem um efeito mais rápido das inovações no desempenho financeiro, uma vez que existe uma lacuna tecnológica entre os dois grupos, sendo os NMUE menos desenvolvidos. Além disso, a introdução de diferentes tipos de inovações em simultâneo pode impulsionar o desempenho das empresas NMUE no curto prazo.

Abstract This study examined companies from two different groups of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and their partnerships with the Government for the development of four types of innovation (product, process, organizational, and marketing). The research included ex-soviet republics (Eu members and non-members), and observed how each type of innovation affects the firms’ financial performance. A sample of 1,143 manufacturing SMEs from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) were tested using multiple regression and logit. Based on the absorptive capacity theory, the results show that manufacturing SMEs from EU-member countries have a higher absorptive capacity and take advantage of the EU’s innovation promotion programs to innovate. On the other hand, the SMEs from non EU-member states perceive a quicker effect of the innovations in financial performance, considering that there is a technological gap between the two groups (non EU-members are less developed). Also, the introduction of different types of innovations simultaneously boosts the performance of firms from non EU-member countries in the short run.

Resumen Este estudio investigó la importancia de las alianzas con el Gobierno para el desarrollo de los cuatro tipos de innovación (producto, proceso, organizacional y marketing) en empresas de dos grupos diferentes de países de Europa Central y Oriental (ECO), incluyendo las antiguas repúblicas soviéticas europeas (países miembros de la Unión Europea -UE, y países no miembros de la UE); y cómo cada tipo de innovación afecta el desempeño financiero de las empresas. Para alcanzar esta meta, se probó una muestra de 1.143 PyME manufactureras del Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) utilizando regresión múltiple y logit. Con base en la teoría de la capacidad de absorción, se encontró que las PyME manufactureras de países de la UE tienen una mayor capacidad de absorción y se benefician de los programas de promoción de la innovación de la UE para innovar. Por otro lado, las empresas de los países no miembros de la UE perciben un efecto más rápido de las innovaciones en el desempeño financiero, ya que existe una brecha tecnológica entre los dos grupos, y los países no miembros de la UE son menos desarrollados. Además, la introducción de diferentes tipos de innovaciones simultáneamente puede mejorar el rendimiento de las empresas de países no miembros de la UE a corto plazo.

RESUMO Este artigo pretende entender as relações entre P&D interno e externo, desempenho de inovação e desempenho financeiro das empresas brasileiras de manufatura, através do teste de um modelo utilizando dados de 2.810 empresas. O estudo atingiu este objetivo. Foi detectada uma relação positiva entre o P&D externo, das alianças estratégicas, e o desempenho de inovação. Por outro lado, o P&D interno não influenciou diretamente o desempenho de inovação; no entanto, moderou positivamente a relação entre as alianças estratégicas e o desempenho de inovação, corroborando com a teoria da capacidade absortiva. Ao contrário do esperado, o desempenho de inovação teve uma influência negativa no desempenho financeiro futuro. Isso foi causado pelo intervalo de dois anos entre as medições das proxies desses dois construtos, que não foi suficientemente longo para permitir identificar um aumento nas receitas de novos produtos e serviços, mas capturou o efeito negativo do redirecionamento de recursos de marketing e vendas para atividades de inovação, como P&D interno, e dos custos gerenciais das alianças estratégicas.

ABSTRACT This paper intends to understand the relationships among internal and external R&D, innovation performance and financial performance in Brazilian manufacturing firms by testing a model using data from 2,810 firms. The study achieves this objective. We detected a positive relationship between external R&D from strategic alliances and innovation performance. Internal R&D, on the other hand, did not influence innovation performance directly; however, it positively moderated the relationship between strategic alliances and innovation performance, corroborating with the absorptive capacity theory. Contrary to our expectations, innovation performance had a negative influence on future financial performance. This was caused by the two-year lag between the measurement of the proxies of these two constructs, which was not long enough to allow identifying an increasing in revenues from new products and services. However, it captured the negative effect of redirecting marketing and sales resources for innovation activities, such as internal R&D, and of management costs of strategic alliances.

Abstract This research investigated the complementarity of internal and external R&D for innovation development and the effect of innovation on the financial performance of European manufacturing firms. Using multigroup structural equation modeling, this study partially supported that internal and external R&D are complementary in firms from high-technology industries, whereas they are not in firms from low-technology industries. For the two groups of firms, both internal and external R&D separately had a positive effect on innovation performance. These results suggested that if low-tech firms, which had lower absorptive capacity than high-tech firms, want to improve their innovation performance in the long term, they should start prioritizing internal R&D to improve their absorptive capacity while achieving a short-term satisfactory innovation outcome. As absorptive capacity rises, more complex strategies balancing internal and external R&D should be adopted. Contrary to expectations, the empirical analysis indicated that innovation performance did not influence short-term financial performance for the whole sample. However, in countries more affected by the 2008 crisis (for instance, Baltic countries, Portugal and Spain), this effect was detected, indicating that innovation helped firms to recover faster.

Abstract This study examines the influence of individual factors (self-monitoring, temporal orientation) on social networking, and their relationship with unethical decision-making. The study used surveys to measure the unethical intentions and social network data of 129 professionals. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings provided evidence that individual factors influence the development of social networks and, along with self-monitoring, the likelihood of unethical decision-making. In particular, being in positions of lower network centrality increased individuals' risk of unethical intention. One explanation stems from the need for high situation control to reduce risk and ensure the success of an event, which only a closed network can provide. However, ethical low self-monitor women were also found to have low centrality, so social networks alone do not explain ethical decision-making. This research represents a step forward in our understanding of ethical decision-making through the adoption of multiple and simultaneous factors, proposing an integrated theory of individual and situational factors influencing unethical options.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as percepções de professores universitários acerca do m-learning, identificando o que pode favorecer e o que pode inibir a sua adoção. Por meio da análise de conteúdo e com base na teoria de difusão de inovações de Rogers, foi entrevistado um grupo com doze docentes, buscando-se identificar fatores críticos que podem facilitar (ou não) a adoção. Os resultados apontam que apesar dos professores em geral conhecerem a definição de m-learning, parece que ele ainda não é percebido como uma inovação bem conhecida por eles, o que pode dificultar sua adoção no cotidiano de suas atividades docentes.

ABSTRACT This research aim is to investigate the perceptions of professors in higher education settings regarding m-learning and identifying possible enablers and barriers to its adoption. Roger's diffusion of innovations theory is the basis for the content analysis of 12 interviews. Results indicate that while professors recognize m-learning definitions they seem to lack familiarity with the innovation, thus making its adoption for daily teaching activities more difficult.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es investigar las percepciones de los profesores acerca de m- learning, la identificación de lo que puede ayudar y lo que puede inhibir la adopción. A través de análisis de contenido y basado en la teoría de la difusión de las innovaciones de Rogers, fue entrevistado un grupo de doce profesores, tratando de identificar los factores críticos que pueden facilitar (o no) la adopción. Los resultados muestran que si bien en los profesores generales saber la definición de m-learning, parece que todavía no se percibe como una innovación conocida por ellos, lo que puede dificultar su adopción en su actividad docente diaria.

Brazilian diasporas overseas has received little academic interest. Nevertheless, estimates suggest that around three million Brazilians currently live in other countries. The present study looks at a specific type of diaspora: small entrepreneurs from the Brazilian martial arts sector. The study adopts the case study method of research. The unit of analysis is comprised by the martial arts (capoeira and Brazilian jiu-jitsu). Data analysis used secondary and primary data from interviews. Cross-case analysis searched for similarities and differences in the internationalization processes of the two martial arts, using several analytical devices, such as chronologies, timelines, matrices, and pattern matching analysis. Evidences suggest that the concept of diasporic internationalization fits better capoeira than Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, Brazilian jiu-jitsu shows an initial combination of diasporic and transnational characteristics, but more recently became fully transnational. Brazilian jiu-jitsu became a truly global business, formally organized and professionally managed. Capoeira, however, is still seen as non-commercial and as the preservation and practice of an ancient art. Such ethos, combined with the origin of its members in lower economic classes and their restricted access to capital turns internationalization into an often less profitable activity.

This work investigates whether host countries institutional factors and firm characteristics can help the understanding of Brazilian multinationals' choices of ownership mode for their foreign direct investments (FDI). Brazil is a privileged locus for research on emerging market multinationals (EMNEs), given its growing stock of outward FDI. The paper contributes to a better understanding of the international strategic choices of EMNEs. First, the phenomenon under study is examined using the theoretical lenses of institutionalism. Second, the study looks at the relationship between state support and choice of ownership mode, a new issue in the area of international business. Third, differences between the decisions taken by manufacturing and service EMNEs are also examined. Fourth, the study focuses on an emerging country, Brazil. The quality of the regulatory environment of the host country, and differences in beliefs, cultural identity and management practices between the host country and the country of origin are factors of the institutional environment significantly related to the choice of ownership mode by Brazilian EMNEs. As to firm characteristics, our results show that state support favors the choice of joint ventures, and that service EMNEs also significantly prefer joint ventures, when compared to manufacturing firms. The findings also support the view that EMNEs are less sensitive to institutional weaknesses in host countries.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa empírica em que se propõe um modelo para avaliar a atitude e a intenção de uso do mobile-learning(m-learning) por estudantes do ensino superior de um curso de administração baseado na teoria do flow, no Modelo de Aceitação de Tecnologia e na Teoria do Comportamento Planejado. A partir deste arcabouço teórico elaborou-se uma atividade prática envolvendo o uso de dispositivos com tecnologia móvel digital (celulares) em que se buscou aplicar o m-learning para estimular os estudantes a unir a teoria à prática. Em seguida, foi feita uma survey respondida por 235 universitários, em que se buscou compreender os fatores que influenciam a atitude e a intenção de uso do m-learning para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio de equações estruturais e os resultados mostraram fortes efeitos positivos dos fatores utilidade, diversão e controle do comportamento percebidos pelos estudantes na atitude e na intenção de uso do m-learning. Por fim, verificou-se que a atividade de uso prático realizada com os alunos mostrou que o uso do celular em uma atividade acadêmica pôde proporcionar a construção e o entendimento deles das relações entre a teoria apresentada e a prática em um ambiente real.

This article presents the results of an empirical research, in which is proposed a model to evaluate the attitude and intention of mobile-learning (m-learning) use for higher education students in management education based on the flow theory, the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Based on this theoretical framework, a practical activity was elaborated involving the use of digital mobile technology devices (cell phones) that sought to apply the m-learning to encourage students to combine theory with practice. Following that a survey was applied, answered by 235 students, in order to understand the factors that influence the attitude and intention to use m-learning by the students in their learning process. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the collected data and the results showed strong positive effects of the factors perceived usefulness, enjoyment and perceived behavioral control in the attitude and intention to use m-learning by the students. Finally, it was found that the practical use of cell phone by the students in an academic activity could foster their knowledge building and learning improving their understanding of the relationship between theory and practice in a real environment.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación empírica que propone un modelo para evaluar la actitud y la intención de uso del mobile-learning (m-learning) por estudiantes de educación superior en un curso de administración con base en la teoria de flow, en el Modelo de Acceptación de Tecnologia y Teoria del Comportamiento Planificado. A partir de este marco teórico se elaboró una actividad práctica envolviendo el uso de dispositivos con tecnología móvil digital (celular) con que se buscó compreender los factores que influencian la actidud y la intención del uso del m-learning para unir la teoría y la práctica. Luego hicimos una survey respondida por 235 estudiantes, para comprender los factores que influencian la actitud y la intención de utilizar m-learning para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los datos colectados fueron tratados por medio de ecuaciones estructurales y los resultados mostraron fuertes efectos positivos de los factores de utilidad, diversión y control del comportamiento por los estudiantes en la actitud y en la intención de uso del m-learning. Por último, la actividad práctica realizada con los estudiantes mostró que el uso del teléfono móvil en una actividad académica puede proporcionar la construcción y el entendimiento de la relación entre la teoría y la práctica en un ambiente real.

Trust is essential in building relationships. In mobile commerce, as in electronic commerce, trust is even more valuable given the absence of human contact and direct observation of the service provider. Despite the importance of trust for mobile commerce, there has been little academic effort to study the relationships between mobile devices unique components of interactivity and customer trust, or the relationship between offline, online and mobile trust. This study proposes a trust-mediated model for customer attitude and transaction intentions in mobile commerce contexts that incorporates trust transference and unique factors present in mobile commerce. Data were collected in an online survey and analyzed via structural equations modeling. Results suggest that trust transferred from online contexts and ease of use have significant effects on mobile trust formation, while also indicating that mobile trust influences consumers' attitudes and intentions to purchase using mobile devices.

Este trabalho é uma revisão de estudos empíricos, de cunho quantitativo, no contexto da literatura internacional, sobre modos de entrada no mercado externo por meio de capital próprio, utilizados por empresas manufatureiras. O trabalho sintetiza e avalia a contribuição dos estudos existentes a respeito, assim, identificando o conhecimento acumulado no período de 1990 a 2011 quanto aos antecedentes da decisão de modos de entrada no investimento direto no exterior e o impacto dos modos de entrada escolhidos sobre o desempenho, de modo a prover os pesquisadores com um conjunto de sugestões que lhes permita construírem seus estudos de forma mais efetiva no tocante ao conhecimento existente.

This work is a review of quantitative empirical studies extracted from the international literature on equity entry modes used by manufacturing companies in foreign markets. The work synthesizes and evaluates the contribution of the extant literature on the topic, and identifies the cumulative knowledge from the 1990-2011 period concerning the antecedents to foreign direct investment entry-mode decisions and the impact these entry modes have on subsidiary performance, in order to offer researchers a set of suggestions to more effectively build their studies based on existing knowledge.

Há dois enfoques dominantes para explicar o desempenho das empresas: a visão da Organização Industrial e a Visão Baseada em Recursos, ambos amplamente pesquisados. Entretanto, a relação entre o desempenho das empresas e a competitividade das nações ainda é pouco explorada. Este estudo buscou verificar se o desempenho das empresas se relaciona ao ambiente de seus países e quais fatores destes são mais relevantes. Foram encontradas evidências da relação entre os indicadores de competitividade dos países e o desempenho sustentável de suas empresas. O estudo relacionou de maneira pioneira os conceitos da vantagem competitiva das nações e da vantagem competitiva das empresas, testou empiricamente o modelo do Diamante Competitivo do professor Michael Porter, destacou três variáveis habitualmente negligenciadas na linha de pesquisas das fontes de desempenho de empresas (a Sofisticação dos Compradores, o PIB e as Compras Governamentais) e criou um indicador de desempenho que também traduz sua sustentabilidade, associado à linha da pesquisa da persistência dos retornos extraordinários.

There are two dominant paradigms to explain firm performance: the Industrial Organization and the Resource Based View, both extensively studied. The association between firm performance and the competitiveness of nations is still insufficiently explored. This study aimed to verify whether business performance is related to the environment of the countries where they operate and what factors within them are the most relevant. Evidences of the relationship between the nation's competitiveness indicators and the sustainable performance of their firms were found. The study pioneered the approach relating the concept of competitive advantage of nations to the competitive advantage of companies; empirically tested the model of Michael Porter's Competitive Diamond; highlighted three variables, usually neglected in the line of research of the sources of firm performance (Buyers Sophistication, GDP and Government Purchases); and created a new indicator of performance that also reflects its sustainability, which relates to the line of research on the persistence of abnormal returns.

This research investigated the impact the external environment, firm characteristics and firm strategy have on export performance. To this end, a survey was administered to 448 large Brazilian exporters of manufactured products. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was used to fit the conceptual model to empirical data. An extensive set of procedures for the validation of measurement models was used. Export performance exhibited a multidimensional structure and the model explained 76.6% and 40.1% of the observed variance of past export revenues and of past export profitability, respectively.

Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, as agências gestoras de unidades de conservação ambiental do tipo parque vêm tentando atingir cinco objetivos principais estabelecidos pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação Ambiental (SNUC), adotando diretrizes de gestão participativa para essas unidades. Dois desses objetivos referem-se ao desenvolvimento de atividades recreativas que envolvem o contato com a natureza e o ecoturismo. Este artigo apresenta as análises e conclusões relativas à implementação de estratégias de colaboração com empresas para atingir tais objetivos. Ele é parte de um conjunto de pesquisas mais amplo. Foram realizados estudos de caso em oito parques, por meio de dezenas de entrevistas com gestores e outros atores sociais interessados, assim como pesquisa documental e observação direta. Os resultados sugerem que o objetivo ecoturístico está longe de ser alcançado e que as estratégias colaborativas utilizadas são insuficientes para contrabalançar as limitações organizacionais, materiais e humanas que sobrecarregam essas agências. Com base na amostra, concluiu-se também que os três poderes de governo envolvidos na gestão dos parques carecem de uma visão estratégica, no sentido de considerar o ecoturismo nas unidades de conservação da cidade como um meio poderoso de incentivar o desenvolvimento local sustentável.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro, the management agencies of environmental conservation units of the park type have been attempting to meet five primary objectives set by the National System for Conservation Units (NSCU), using participatory management guidelines for these units. Two of these objectives relate to the development of recreation activities that involve contact with nature and ecological tourism. This article presents the analyses and conclusions regarding the implementation of collaborative strategies with businesses to achieve such objectives; it is part of a series of research studies having a broader scope. Case studies were conducted in eight parks by means of dozens of interviews with managers and other interested social actors, as well as by documentary research and direct observation. The results suggest that the ecotourism objective is still far from being reached, and that the collaborative strategies used are not sufficient to compensate for the organizational, material and human limitations that encumber these agencies. It was also concluded for the sample that there lacks a strategic vision on the part of the three branches of government involved in the management of these parks in the sense of viewing ecotourism in the city's conservation units as a powerful means to foster local sustainable development.